Caterina is the Italian form of Catherine — from the Greek katharos (pure). Caterina de' Medici (1519-1589) — Queen of France as wife of Henry II, regent during the reign of her sons Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III — among the most powerful women in 16th-century Europe; she initiated the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Huguenots in 1572. Caterina Sforza (1463-1509) — the warrior Countess of Forlì who defended her castle from Cesare Borgia, swearing that her enemies could kill her children but she would make more; among the most fearsome Italian Renaissance noblewomen.
Subject of countless biographies and Mantel's Wolf Hall (2009).
Caterina does not currently appear in the US Social Security Administration's top 1,000 girls' names, so we don't publish a US rank or birth count for it. That says nothing about the name's standing elsewhere in the world — only that it sits outside the ranked US data we rely on.
In Pythagorean numerology the letters of Caterina reduce to 8, The Visionary. This is a traditional interpretive system, not a factual claim about the name.