Madeleine is the French form of Magdalene — referring to Mary Magdalene, "of Magdala" (a town on the Sea of Galilee whose name means "tower").
Madeleine has been continuously in the U.S. top 1000 for over 140 years. Today it sits in the U.S. top 200.
Madeleine does not currently appear in the US Social Security Administration's top 1,000 girls' names, so we don't publish a US rank or birth count for it. That says nothing about the name's standing elsewhere in the world — only that it sits outside the ranked US data we rely on.
In Pythagorean numerology the letters of Madeleine reduce to 5, The Seeker. This is a traditional interpretive system, not a factual claim about the name.