Madeline comes from Magdalene — referring to Mary Magdalene, the New Testament figure from the town of Magdala on the Sea of Galilee. The Hebrew root migdal means "tower" or "high place."
Madeline is the French form (Madeleine) Anglicised. Ludwig Bemelmans' 1939 children's book Madeline about the Parisian schoolgirl with red hair has kept the name visible for generations.
Madeline does not currently appear in the US Social Security Administration's top 1,000 girls' names, so we don't publish a US rank or birth count for it. That says nothing about the name's standing elsewhere in the world — only that it sits outside the ranked US data we rely on.
In Pythagorean numerology the letters of Madeline reduce to 9, The Giver. This is a traditional interpretive system, not a factual claim about the name.