If you want to see the Indo-European family tree in a single word, this is the page. Latin Aurōra, Greek Ēṓs, Sanskrit Uṣas and Lithuanian Aušrinė are all the same name, inherited independently by four traditions from a common ancestor reconstructed as *h₂ewsṓs. In each of them she is a goddess, and in several she is described in strikingly similar terms — a daughter of the sky, arriving in a chariot, opening the day.
The comparison of those four figures is one of the foundations of comparative mythology, because the parallels are too specific to be coincidence and the languages were separated too early for borrowing. The English word east comes from the same root: the direction named for what happens there.
Beyond that family, the naming is entirely independent. Arabic fajr and ṣubḥ divide the dawn into stages with a precision that matters for prayer times. Hebrew shaḥar gives a small set of names. Japanese, Yoruba and the Turkic languages each have their own.
What the traditions agree on, without any shared vocabulary, is what dawn is for as a name: beginnings, renewal, and a child arriving at the start of something.