Star
Stars appear in naming traditions on every continent.
Sanskrit tārā and Latin stella both mean star, and both go back to the same Indo-European root — one that also produced Greek astḗr, Persian setāreh, and the English word star itself. It is one of the most widely preserved words in the family, which makes sense: the night sky was the one reference that did not change when a people moved.
Arabic najm comes from a different family entirely, but Arabic's contribution to star-naming is disproportionate for a separate reason. Medieval Arab astronomy named the individual stars, and Europe took those names wholesale. Aldebaran, Altair, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Vega, Deneb — all Arabic, all still in use in every observatory on earth. Several of them have since become girls' names, which means a European child can be carrying an Arabic word for a specific point of light without anyone involved knowing it.
Persian setāreh and its compounds run through the Persianate world into Urdu. Turkic has yıldız. Yoruba, Japanese and the Polynesian languages each name daughters for stars out of their own resources.
Worth noting: a good number of the names on this page are not for stars in general but for one particular star or constellation, which usually means there is a specific piece of navigation, agriculture or myth behind them.
The same root, across a whole language family
These are attested shared morphemes — not coincidences of spelling. Where we are not confident a root is shared, we say nothing and simply list the names.